WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT				(31.50)
				To utilize
* Shanmkha Rao. Padala ** Dr.N.V.S.Suryanarayana				Leisure time
				22
				(26.19)
The present world population is 7.1				25
billions, which is growing at the rate of 97 millions				(37.88)
people per year will touch 8.5 billion by the year 2025.				06
About 95 per cent of the population growth will be in				(28.57)
the developing countries. The Asian population is 3.55				10
billions, which may reaches 4.54 billions by 2025 and				(33.33)
women constitute around half-of the total world				31
population (V.K. Singh, 2007). As world economic				(25.83)
profile of women shows, women represent 50 per				16
cent of the world population make up 30 per cent of				(20.25)
the official labour force, perform 60 per cent of all				110
working hours, receive 10 per cent of world income				(27.50)
and own even less than one per cent of the world's				To get financial liberty
property (M.A. Sudhir et. all, 2007).				26
There is an emerging need to improve women status				(30.95)
should start with empowerment. Empowerment is				18
the process through which individuals gain efficiency,				(27.27)
defined as the degree to which an individual				07
perceives that they controls their environment. In the				(33.33)
words of Karl (1995) opines that empowerment of				09
women involves four interrelated and mutually				(30.00)
reinforcing components: (1) collective awareness and				40
capacity building and skills development, (2)				(33.33)
participation and greater control, (3) decision making				21
power and (4) action to bring about gender equality.				(26.58)
International Conference on Population and				121
Development (ICPD) held in Cairo stressed on				(30.25)
women empowerment and opined that country's				Not willing to work elsewhere
overall development and quality of people's life is				15
more depended on women empowerment (ICPD				(17.86)
Report, 1994). In the words of former President of				10
India APJ Abdul Kalam, "empowering women is a				(15.15)
prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women				01
are empowered, society with stability is assured.				(04.76)
Empowerment of women is essential as their				02
thoughts and their value systems lead to				(06.67)
development of a good family, good society and				22
ultimately a good nation" (Sharma Sheetal, 2006).				(18.33)
According to Asis Kumar Pain (2007) describes in his				11
study that women comprise almost 50 per cent of				(13.02)
the world population, live in abject poverty and utter				61
distress. It is evident that in Pakistan and Maldives				(15.25)
women are still found to be a disempowered a lot.				Encouragement from husband and others
But in case of Bhutan, empowerment of women has				32
been found to be more or less equitable. Biswas				(38.10)
(1999) developed eleven indicators of women's				27
empowerment viz., 1. mobility, 2. decision making				(40.91)
power, 3. autonomy, 4. economic security, 5.				08
freedom from domination by the family, 6. political				(38.10)
and legal awareness, 7. participation in public				11
protests and political campaign, 8. contribution to				(36.67)
family expenditure or income, 9. reproductive right,				36
10. exposure to information, and 11.				(30.00)
participation in development programmes.				23
When a woman is empowered it does not mean				(29.11)
another individual becomes powerless or is having less				137
power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered				(34.25)
her competencies towards decision-making will surely				To develop ideas
influence her family's and neighbor's behaviour. The				09
presence of these spillover effects will thus create a				(10.71)
‘social multiplier', where aggregate power will be				12
greater than individual power. This indicates that				(18.18)
‘woman is a person and women are a power'.				04
Based on this Micro-Finance or Self-Help Groups are				(19.06)
successful to develop the entrepreneurship among				05
the women.				(16.67)
In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of				18
increase in the number of self-employed women				(15.00)
after the World War II. In USA, women own 25 per				07
cent of all business, eventhough their sales on an				(08.86)
average are less than two-fifths of those of other				55
small business. In Canada, one-third of small business				(13.75)
is owned by women and in France, it is one-fifth				Total
(Kumar, 2004). 90 per cent of the rural women are				84
unskilled and 88 per cent are illiterate which makes				66
them vulnerable to exploit and economically				21
dependent on men. No serious efforts have been				30
made to improve the condition of women. There is a				120
need to promote as entrepreneurship through which				79
women of rural areas are empowered (Minakshi				400
Sudarshan Mehta, 2006).
Entrepreneurship Development is a very crucial factor				Figures in brackets are percentages to their
for the acceleration of economic growth of any				respective samples
country and women entrepreneurship development is
an essential part of human resource development.
Women entrepreneurs have started show in more
interest because it provides them an opportunity to
be one's own boss, the challenges they want to face
and the chances of making more money, which				Table. 4
outweigh their family duties. Moreover, technological				DISTRIBUTION OF SHG MEMBERS BY BUSINESS
development empowers women to acquire more				ACTIVITY
relevant qualifications and values to meet the				Business Activity
demands of entrepreneurship. To fill the gap in the				Warangal
implementation of this erstwhile self-employment				Khammam
must be designed to development of				Kurnool
entrepreneurship among the women, through which				Chittoor
possible to develop the women empowerment.				East. Godavari
India has made tremendous progress in various				Srikakulam
spheres of life during the last five and half decades.				Total
Its economy has expanded and diversified, society				Dairy
has become cohesive and polity democratized. It has				12
also been facing many problems, some of which have				(14.29)
successfully been solved, but many others still remain				09
unsolved. Poverty is one such challenge India has				(13.64)
been facing today.				04
To fill these gaps the Government of India				(19.05)
announced a holistic programme called Swarna				03
Jayanti, Gram Swarozgar Yojana, which is based on				(10.00)
group approach to rural poor were organized into				08
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) provided micro-credit and				(06.67)
look up viable economic activities on their own.				09
While most of the development				(11.53)
programmes address themselves to alleviating the				46
condition of poor who live below subsistence levels.				(11.50)
Women, who from the single largest disadvantaged				Pickles and Powders
section of gender oppression to the already existing				11
caste and class oppression are seldom given priority				(13.09)
in such programmes. Majority of these women come				14
from the lowest strata of the caste/class hierarchy.				(21.21)
Their caste affiliation restricts their mobility; their class				01
membership limits their access to productive				(04.76)
resource, while their gender role minimizes their				06
economic participation, it being limited only extensions				(20.00)
of domestic order. As such, they are marginalized as				17
workers, are found in situations of immense				(14.17)
exploitation and victimization and are therefore				08
forced to a status of invisibility and powerlessness.				(10.25)
Despite their invisibility in the labour force and their				57
powerlessness in the family, it is their meager but				(14.25)
substantial income that sustain and meets the needs				Garments
of the family. This is particularly, the case, when				07
unemployment among men is high and where the				(08.33)
major item of expenditure is alcohol and gambling.				11
				(16.67)
Empowerment of Women in India:				05
Women constitute about 48 per cent of total				(23.81)
population of the country as per the 2001 census;				04
they suffer many disadvantages as compared to				(13.33)
men in terms of literacy rates, labour participation				13
rates and earnings. In order to address issues relating				(10.83)
to social and economic advancement of women, the				10
Department of Women and Child Development				(12.82)
(DWCD) under the Ministry of Human Resource				50
Development has been implementing various				(12.50)
schemes. The National Policy of Employment of				Kirana and Tea Stalls
women was adopted in the country in 2001 with the				14
ultimate objective of ensuring women their rightful.				(16.67)
The major strategies of women empowerment				08
include – social empowerment, economic				(12.12)
empowerment and gender justice i.e. to eliminate all				02
types of discrimination against women and the girl				(09.52)
child. Social empowerment of women is designed to				_
create an enabling environment by adopting various				10
affirmative policies and programmes for development				(08.33)
women, besides providing them easy and equal				11
access to all the basic minimum services to				(14.10)
enable them to realize their full potential. Education				45
being an important tool for social empowerment of				(11.25)
women, specific schemes to provide incentives to				Vegetables
promote education, especially amongst girl children				08
and reduce the school dropout rates are being				(09.52)
implemented. Two important schemes viz. ‘Sarva				04
Shiksha Abhiyan' and ‘Mahila Samakhya' is being				(06.06)
implemented by department of education is a special				02
effort to stretch the reach of education especially to				(9.52)
the girl child. In addition, the Department of				03
Women Child Development implements the schemes				(10.00)
of ‘Condensed courses for educated and				06
vocational training' and ‘Distance Education				(05.00)
Programme for Women' supplementing the efforts of				13
Department of Education.				(16.66)
				36
Women Entrepreneurship in India:				(09.00)
Women have a unique position in the society. Real				AddaLeaf , Agarbathi and Candles
Development cannot take place if it is bypasses				06
women, who not only represent one half of a				(07.17)
country's population but also the kernels around which				06
societal revolution take place. Entrepreneurship				(09.09)
enhances financial independence and self esteem of				_
women. Around 50 per cent of India's population is				02
women, yet business spheres such as trade,				(06.67)
commerce and industry is still considered a male				03
preserve. Entrepreneurial work has also been				(02.50)
predominantly a man's world in India, are women.				04
Among the states, Gujarat, Maharashtra and				(05.12)
Karnataka have more women entrepreneurs.				21
Indian women are in no way inferior to men in all				(05.25)
walks of life and they can be good entrepreneurs as				Construction Material
men in the country. Therefore, it is essential to				_
exploit the potential of Indian women. Women's				02
participation in trade, industry and commerce,				(03.03)
requiring entrepreneurship is still poor, mainly because				_
of the problems associated with their gender roles.				02
Therefore, promotion of entrepreneurship and				(06.67)
economic empowerment of women poses a				06
challenge to the government, funding agencies and				(05.00)
non-government organizations. It is important for				02
these people on the limitations faced by the women				(02.56)
and to plan supporting systems to enhance the				12
women entrepreneurship in India.				(03.00)
Objectives of the Study:				Coconut and Coir
				05
1. i. To study the				(05.95)
profile and nature of enterprises owned by women.				_
2. ii. To evaluate the				_
performance of business enterprises carried by rural				05
women entrepreneurs.				(16.67)
3. iii. To offer suggestions for				14
promoting empowerment among rural women.				(11.67)
				09
				(11.53)
Methodology:				33
				(08.25)
Srikakulam, East Godavari, Chittor,				Handicrafts
Kurnool Warangal and Khammam of Andhra Pradesh,				08
India have been selected on the basis of number of				(09.52)
Self-Help. Groups lined to the banks as on				04
31.03.2007, in the first stage of sampling. The				(06.06)
selection of mandals in each of the selected district in				04
the second stage of sampling. The selection of the				(19.01)
villages in each of the selected mandal in the third				04
stage of sampling. The sample groups are selected				(13.33)
in the final stage of sampling on a random basis from				12
the villages selected. Based on the information				(10.00)
furnished by the Official records, the mandals and				05
subsequently villages were selected based on the				(06.41)
number of group member's actively carrying income				37
generating activities. In selecting the groups, it is felt				(09.25)
to select only those groups in the village which are				Sweets and Bakery
cooperative. Accordingly the following 133 SHGs				_
have been finalized from each selected village (Table.				_
1).				_
From each group three members have been selected				_
on random basis making the sample 400 members.				16
Data have been collected from the members of the				(13.33)
group with the help of interview schedule. One of the				_
primary objectives of Self Help Groups is that each				16
member should undertake income generating				(04.00)
activity. The groups which availed of assistance for				Dry Fish
individual activities have chosen a wide spectrum of				04
income generating activities, which are by and large				(04.76)
are area-specific. The following are income				_
generating activities selected by the respondents				_
under study.				_
1. Dairy 2. Powders and Pickles				07
3. Garments 4. Kirana and Tea Stall 5.				(05.83)
Vegetables 6. Adda leaf, Agarbatti and Candles				07
7. Construction Material 8. Coconut and Coir 9.				(08.97)
Handicrafts 10. Sweets and Bakery 11. Dry Fish				18
12. Lace and Leather Bags.				(04.50)
				Lace and Leather bags
Women Entrepreneurship Development:				09
				(10.73)
Education is a boon to mankind, while lack of				08
education to a person is a bane now-a-days. The				(12.12)
confidence of illiterate women is generally low in				03
comparison to literate women. The study revealed				(14.29)
that out of 400 respondents in the sample, 62				01
members (15.50 per cent) are illiterates. Such				(03.33)
illiterates are found more in Warangal (20.24 per cent)				08
Kurnool (19.05 per cent) and East Godavari (17.50 per				(06.67)
cent) districts.				_
The study further shows that 207 respondents				29
(51.75 per cent) have studied between First and Fifth				(07.25)total
class while 98 respondents (24.50 per cent) studied				84
between Sixth class and Ninth class. There are				(100.00)
however a few respondents who have studied SSC				66
(6.50 per cent), Intermediate (1.25 per cent), Degree				(100.00)
(0.50 per cent). Respondents with intermediate and				21
Degree education were found in Warangal, Khamman,				(100.00)
Kurnool and East Godavari Districts only. On the				30
whole, it can be concluded that majority of the				(100.00)
respondents have studied below Ninth class only.				120
The possession of consumer durables such as				(100.00)
Television, Radio, LPG, Mixi, Fan, Gold Ornaments,				28
Moped, Refrigerator and Telephone etc. reflects the				(100.00)
standard of living as well as life style of an individual.				400
Larger the number of these consumer goods				(100.00)
possessed by an individual, higher is the standard of
living and vice versa. The ownership of these				Figures in brackets are percentages to their
consumers is durables in the function of individual's				respective samples
discretionary income. Higher the discretionary income,
larger the number of consumer durables under the
possession of an individual and vice versa.
The study revealed that a little over 95.75 per cent
of the members have possessed either Table Fan or
Ceiling Fan, 88.00 per cent possessed LPG, 44.25 per
cent possessed different gold ornaments. 44.00 per
cent possessed Television and 40.75 per cent
possessed Radio. Surprisingly there are a few
members who possess Telephone as well as				Table. 5
Refrigerator. The same phenomenon is found				DISTRICT – WISE ACCUMULATED SAVINGS BY
among all the members belonging to the six districts				SHG MEMBERS AS ON DATE OF ENQUIRY
under study. Thus it can be inferred that the				District
standard of living as well as life style of the SHG				No. of Members
members under study is satisfactory.				Total Accumulated Savings in Rs
An attempt is made in the study to find out the				Average Accumulated Savings in Rs
usual habits of the women under study and the				Warangal
information is presented in Table-2. It is clear from				84
the table that out of 400 sample SHG members only				4,72,500
24 women (6.00 per cent) read daily news papers,				5,625
176 women (44 per cent) watch television, 395				Khammam
members (98.75 percent) visits cinemas, 387				66
members (96.75 per cent) visit bank premises and				3,44,000
378 members ( 94.50 per cent) visit government				5,212
offices. It is common phenomenon that though				Kurnool
some of the group members do not possess				21
television, they used to watch their neighbor's				1,39,000
television. Thus it can be concluded that barring				6,619
reading news paper habit, majority of the SHG				Chittor
women members have been in the habit of watching				30
television, seeing cinemas, visiting bank premises and				2,06,500
visiting government offices. The predominance of				6,883
illiteracy and meager education is the primary reason				East.Godavari
for absence of news paper reading habit among the				120
women under study.				8,62,000
The study revealed that as many as 363 members				7,183
accounting for 90.75 per cent have joined in the				Srikakulam
group in order to get eligibility for availing government				78
schemes followed by 329 members (82.25 per cent)				4,34,800
who joined in the group to avail Bank loans at low				5,575
interest rates. 163 members (40.75 per cent) have				Total
joined in the group to avail internal loans to meet the				400
domestic needs. 260 members (65.00 per cent)				24,64,500
have joined in the group to get self satisfaction; 230				6,161
members (57.50 per cent) joined as member to
cultivate savings habit. On the whole it can be
concluded that whatever may be the reason the
members have joined the group as member with a
good intention and the two dominating reasons are
to avail government schemes and to avail Bank loan
at lower interest rates.				Activity
One of the main objectives of				No. of Members
SHG movement is that a member should undertake				Total Investment in Rs.
income generating activity by choosing a business				Average Investment
venture of her own choice. Table 3 shows the				Dairy
reasons for starting the business by the women				46
under study. The members have given more than				8,55,200
one reason. It is clear from the table that 137				18,591
members (34.25 percent) started the business as a				Pickles and Powders
result of encouragement received from husband and				57
others, 126 members (31.50 per cent) started				14,23,150
business out of frustration with earlier job and 121				24,968
members (30.25 per cent) started business to get				Garments
financial liberty. The same phenomenon is found				50
among the members belong to the five districts
under study. On the whole it can be concluded that				11,78,100
the members have started the business with a good				23,562
intention to earn money to supplement the family				Kirana and Tea Stalls
income.				45
Table 4 shows distribution of category-wise				7,08,450
respondents by type of economic activity. It is				15,743
clear from the table that comparatively larger number				Vegetables and Dolls
of members is found in economic activities such as				36
Powders and Pickles (14.25 per cent) followed by				4,60,350
Garments (12.50 per cent) Dairy (11.50 per cent)				12,788
Kirana and Tea stalls (11.25 percent) Handicrafts (9.25				Adda Leaf,Agarbathi and Candles
per cent). The presence of forward caste				21
members are found in economic activities such as				29,6500
Dairy, Powder and Pickles, Kirana and Tea Stalls and				14,119
Sweets and Bakery, while the presence of members				Construction Materials
belonging to backward caste are found in activities				12
such as Garments, Vegetables, Handicrafts, Coconut				33,7050
and Coir etc., It is surprising to note that members				28,088
belonging to SC and ST communities are also found in				Coconut and Coir
economic activities such as Dairy, Kirana and Tea				33
Stalls, Adda Leaf, Agarbatti and Candles etc., None of				72,5600
the forward caste members, the members who are				21,988
running Kirana and Tea Stalls are none other than				Handicrafts
Vysya community people. On the whole, it can be				37
concluded that majority of the sample members				87,0700
have chosen Powders and Pickles, Garments, Dairy,				23,532
Kirana and Tea Stalls and Handicraft activities.				Sweets and Bakery
Savings are the backbone of success of Self Help				16
Groups, as cultivation of the savings habit among the				46,1850
members is ultimate objective of the SHG Scheme.				28,866
Table 5 shows district-wise accumulated savings of				Dry Fish
the Self Help Group members as on date of				18
enquiry. It is seen from the table that the				29,1800
accumulated savings of the members under study				16,211
amount to Rs.24, 64,500. In other words, on an				Lace and Leather bags
average accumulated savings of each member as on				29
date of enquiry amount to Rs.6, 161. The				83,6350
accumulated savings comprises of 1) Penalties 2)				28,840
Interest on Bank Savings 3) Interest on Internal				Total
Loans and 4) Resource persons fees. The table				400
further shows that the average accumulated savings				84,4500
of the members belonging to East Godavari District is				21,113
the highest (Rs.7, 183/-) while that of Khammam
district is the least (Rs.5, 212/-) among the six				Table. 6
districts under study. On the whole, it can be				ACTIVITY-WISE INVESTMENT OF THE SHG
concluded that the savings performance of the Self				MEMBERS AS ON DATE OF ENQUIRY
Help Group members under study relating to the six
districts is appreciable.
The study revealed that as many as 166 members
accounting for 41.50 per cent have availed group
loans three times while 138 members accounting for
34.50 percent have availed two times. There are
however 65 members representing 16.25 percent
who have availed group loans four times. Among
those members who availed internal loans four times,
members belonging to Kurnool, Chittor, Srikakulam
and East Godavari
Districts represent maximum number while among the
members who availed group loan three times those
belonging to Warangal, Khammam, Srikakulam and
East Godavari district account for larger in number.
Thus it can be concluded that majority of the
members under study have availed group loans more
than thrice ever since they became group members.
The investment made by the respondents in
different business activities as on date of enquiry is
shown in Table 6. It is clear from the table that the
total investment made by all the respondents as on
date of enquiry amounts to Rs.84.45 lakhs with an				Table.7
average investment of Rs.21,113. The average				DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITY – WISE SHG
investment varied between Rs.12,788 and Rs. 28,866.				MEMBERS BY LOANS REPAYMENT PERFORMANCE
As seen from the table average investment is the				Activity
highest in the case of Sweets and Bakery business				No. of Members
followed by Lace and Leather Bags (Rs.28, 840),				Group Loan
Construction material (Rs.28,088), Garments				Bank Loan
(Rs.23,562) and Handicrafts (Rs.23,532). The average				Regular
investment is comparatively lesser in business				Irregular
activities such as Vegetables and Dolls (Rs.12, 788);				Regular
Adda Leaf, Agarbatti and Candles (Rs.14, 119), Kirana				Irregular
and Tea Stalls (Rs.15,743) and Dry fish (Rs.16,211). On				Dairy
the whole the investment in each business activity				46
carried by each SHG member is mediocre and is				(11.50)
within the reach of each member as the banks are				39
coming forward in providing loans to these members				(09.75)
under bank linkage programme.				07
As a whole, it can be concluded that the repayment				(01.75)
performance of members in the sample is not seen				45
as a serious problem. From the business venture they				(11.25)
have been generating sufficient income to enable				01
them to repay the above loans. The few members				(0.25)
who are irregular are found in business activities such				Pickles and Powders
as Adda Leaf, Agarbathi, Candles, Dry Fish,				57
Vegetables, Dairy, Kirana and Tea Stalls etc., while				(14.25)
the few members who are irregular in repayment of				51
bank loan are found in Vegetables, Kirana and Tea				(12.75)
Stalls, Dairy, Powder and Pickles, Handicrafts and Dry				06
Fish (Table.7)				(01.50)
The study revealed that as many as 75.00 percent				56
of the members are selling their products in local				(14.00)
markets followed by 29.00 percent who sell in				01
DWCRA bazaars, 22.25 per cent who sell in				(0.25)
Exhibitions, Melas and Pushkaras, 14.75 per cent who				Garments
sell in Rytu Bazaar. Local Markets are the major				50
sources of marketing for business activities such				(12.50)
Kirana and Tea Stalls, Dairy, Pickles and Powders.				44
DWCRA bazaars are also major source of marketing				(11.00)
for business in the case of business activities like				06
Pickles and Powders and Handicrafts. There are group				(01.50)
members carrying Pickles and Powders, Vegetables				50
and Coconut and Coir who sell their products in Rytu				(12.50)
Bazaars. On the whole, it can be concluded that local				0
markets, DWCRA Bazaars and Exhibitions, Melas and				(0.00)
Pushkaras are the major source of marketing for the				Kirana and Tea Stalls
SHG members under study.				45
The study also revealed that inadequate capital is the				(11.25)
problem mostly found in Pickles and Powders, Dairy,				39
Kirana and Tea Stalls and Handicrafts while lack of				(09.75)
publicity is the main problem mostly in the case of				06
Garments and Handicrafts. Marketing is a major				(01.50)
problem mostly found in business activities such as				43
Handicrafts, Pickles and Powders, Vegetables and				(10.75)
Garments. On the whole the major problem facing				02
the members under study are inadequate capital, lack				(0.50)
of publicity and low purchasing power of the rural				Vegetables and Dolls
people.				36
Insufficiency of internal loans is the major problem				(09.00)
expressed by the majority of members carrying all				30
the twelve business activities. Some members have				(07.50)
expressed more than one problem. While competition				06
for internal lending is the major problem in the case				(01.50)
of majority of the members carrying business				34
activity such as Construction Material, Adda Leaf,				(08.50)
Agarbathi and Candles, Dry Fish, Lace and Leather				02
Bags and Vegetables. The problem of distribution of				(0.50)
bank loans not according to the needs of the				Adda Leaf,Agarbathi and Candles
members is expressed by more number of members				21
carrying Adda Leaf, Agarbathi and Candles (33.33 per				(05.25)
cent), Sweets and Bakery (25.00 per cent) and				17
Garments (22.00 per cent), while the problem of				(04.25)
partiality of group leaders is expressed by more				04
number of members carrying business activities such				(01.00)
as Dry Fish (27.78 per cent); and Dairy (15.22 per				20
cent). Getting benefits by a very few is the problem				(05.00)
expressed by members carrying Dry Fish (22.22 per				01
cent) and Vegetables (16.67 per cent) traders. The				(0.25)
problem of inability to maintain records and accounts				Construction Materials
is the major problem expressed by more number of				12
members carrying Dry Fish (44.44 per cent), Coconut				(03.00)
and Coir Business (30.30 per cent), Vegetables (25.00				11
per cent) and Dairy (19.57 per cent). Thus it can be				(02.75)
concluded that all the members in the sample have				01
facing one problem or the other.				(0.25)
The efficiency of a business activity is measured in				12
terms of its income generating capacity. Towards this				(03.00)
end, an attempt is made in the study to find out the				0
amount of income derived by the members from				(0.00)
each income generating activity. Table 8 shows the				Coconut and Coir
average monthly income of the members from each				33
business activity. It is seen from the table that the				(08.25)
income generated by each business activity varied				30
between Rs.1,850 (Sweets and Bakery) and Rs.819				(07.50)
(Vegetables). Activities such as Sweets and Bakery,				03
Construction Materials, Lace and Leather Bags,				(0.75)
Powders and Pickles, Garments and Handicrafts are				33
yielding more income to the members compared to				(08.25)
other business activities. Thus a vast majority of the				0
members with the financial assistance under bank				(0.00)
linkage programme have improved their economic				Handicrafts
condition.				37
				(09.25)
Decision-making in a family for the purpose of				31
present analysis has been categorized as				(07.75)
1. 1. Husband dominated decisions				06
2. 2. Wife dominated decisions				(01.50)
3. 3. Joint decisions				36
It is commonly observed that in a				(09.00)
family some decisions are exclusively taken by the				01
husband i.e. head of the family, some decisions are				(0.25)
exclusively taken by the house wife, while some				Sweets and Bakery
decisions are taken jointly by both husband and wife.				16
There are some other decisions, which are				(04.00)
exclusively taken by other members in the family viz.,				14
the children, and elders in the family etc. the more				(03.50)
the number of decisions in the family is exclusively				02
taken by the housewife, the more the freedom she				(0.50)
enjoys in the family and vive versa. Against this				16
background an attempt is made in the study to find				(04.00)
out the extent the family members are taking buying				0
decisions.				(0.00)
Table 9 shows involvement of the				Dry Fish
respondent, her husband and others in the domestic				18
decisions and business decisions. As can be seen from				(04.50)
the table for domestic decisions, the role of husband				15
is apparent while in the case of business decisions the				(03.75)
role of wife is evident. Joint decision making is found				03
more among members in the case of business				(0.75)
decisions. Wife's role in the purchase of domestic				17
items as well as business items is paramount among				(04.25)
respondents relating to Warangal, Kurnool and Chitoor				1
districts while the role of husband for domestic items				(0.25)
and business item is paramount in other districts. Joint				Lace and Leather bags
decision making in the purchase of business items is				29
found among all the members belonging to all the				(07.25)
districts under study. Thus it can be concluded that				26
the involvement of husband is more common for all				(06.50)
types of decisions among all the group members				03
under study.				(0.75)
				29
Conclusion:				(07.23)
				00
Women empowerment is a				(0.00)
prerequisite for creating a good nation. If a women is				Total
empowered her competencies towards				400
decision-making will surely influence her family's and				(100.00)
society behaviour. The presence of these spillover				347
effects will thus create a ‘social multiplier', where				(86.75)
aggregate power is greater than individual power.				53
There is an emerging need to promote women				(13.25)
empowerment among the rural women. Towards this				391
end, delivery of micro finance to the micro				(97.75)
enterprises plays a significant role. Rural women with				9
low income and lack of knowledge of available				(2.25)
banking facilities can do little facilities can do little for				Figures in Brackets are percentage to 450
the growth of banking habits on their own. For this, a
concrete effort is needed to be taken up by the
society, the government and by bankers themselves				Table. 8
to enhance the standard of women with regard to				AVERAGE MONTHLY NET INCOME OF MEMBERS
banking habits. Imparting training to women in the				FROM EACH BUSINESS ACTIVITY
realm of marketing and production go a long way in
ameliorating their socio-economic lot. The				Activity
Government has emerged as a major catalyst by				No. of Members
way providing training incentives and other facilities to				Total Net income per month Rs
succeed particularly in rural areas to empower the				Average Net income per month Rs
women.				Dairy
				46
				54800
References:				1,200
1. Bandura (1986), "Social Foundation of Through",				Pickles and Powders
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.				57
2. Karl, M. (1995), "Women and Employment:				91200
Participation and Decision Making", Zed Books Limed,				1,600
London.				Garments
3. Biswas (1999), "Measuring Women's empowerment				50
some methodological issues", Asia-Pacific Journal of
Rural Development Vol. 9, No.2, P.63-71.				75500
4. International conference on Population and				1,500
Development Report, 1994.				Kirana and Tea Stalls
5. Asis Kumar Pain (2007), "Women empowerment in				45
developing countries: The case of Pakistan, Maldives				45400
and Bhutan", the Icfai University Press, India,				1,008
P.190-200.				Vegetables and Dolls
6. Sudhir M.A et. all (2007), "Empowerment of rural				36
women labour force", Anmol Publications Pvt., Ltd				29500
India.				819
7. Minakshi Sudarshan Mehta (2006), "Empowering				Adda Leaf, Agarbathi and Candles
rural women", Anmol Publications Pvt., Ltd, India.				21
8. Singh V.K and Sudershan K.N., (2007) "Population				19000
Education", Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi,				905
India.				Construction Materials
9. Dharmeja S.K. (2002), "Women Entrepreneurs:				12
Opportunities, Performance, Problems", Deep				21600
Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.				1,800
10. Ghosh Piyali and Cheruvalath Reena (2006),				Coconut and Coir
"Progress of Female Entrepreneurs in Low Income				33
Countries: A Theoretical Enquiry in India", The Icfai				46500
Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 3, No.3,				1,409
September, 2006, P.9.				Handicrafts
11. Kumar Anil (2004), "Financing Pattern of				37
Enterprises owned by women entrepreneurs", The				55800
Indian Journal Of Commerce, Vol. 57, No. 2, April-June,				1,508
P.73.				Sweets and Bakery
12. Rajendra N (2003), "Problems and prospects of				16
women entrepreneurs", SEDME, Vol.30, No.4,				29600
December, P.40.				1,850
13. Raheem A (2006), "Role of SHGs", Yojana, Vol.				Dry Fish
50, No.12, P.58.				18
14. Sharma Sheetal (2006), "Educated Women,				18700
Empowered Women", Yojana, Vol. 50, No.12, P.52.				1,038
				Lace and Leather bags
				29
Table .1				53600
District-wise selection of sample				1,848
District				Total
No				400
Warnagal				541200
28				1,353
Khammam
22
Kurnool
07				Table. 9
Chittor				INVOLVEMENT IN DOMESTIC AND BUSINESS
10				DECISIONS BY
East Godavari				FAMILY MEMERS
40				District
Srikakulam				Domestic Decision
26				Business Decision
Total				Self
133				Husband
				Joint
				Others
				Total
Table.2				Self
DISTRIBUTION OF SHG MEMBERS BY THEIR				Husband
HABITS				Joint
				Others
				Total
District				Warangal
Nature of Habits				33
Reading News Papers				(39.29)
Watching TV				21
Seeing Cinemas				(25.00)
Visiting Bank Premises				25
Visiting Govt. Offices				(29.76)
Total				05
Warangal				(5.95)
03 (03.57)				84
38				(100.00)
(45.24)				29
83 (98.81)				(34.52)
80				08
(95.24)				(09.52)
56				47
(66.67)				(55.96)
84				_
(100.00)				84
Khammam				(100.00)
01 (01.52)				Khammam
27				20
(40.91)				(30.30)
66 (100.00)				23
66				(34.85)
(100.00)				16
46				(24.24)
(69.70)				07
66				(10.61)
(100.00)				66
Kurnool				(100.00)
04 (19.05)				20
12 (57.14)				(30.30)
21				15
(100.00)				(22.73)
21				29
(100.00)				(43.94)
17				02
(80.95)				(03.03)
21				66
(100.00)				(100.00)
Chittor				Kurnool
02 (06.67)				08
14				(38.10)
(46.67)				06
30 (100.00)				(28.57)
30				07
(100.00)				(33.33)
23				_
(76.67)				21
30				(100.00)
(100.00)				08
East Godavari				(38.10)
12 (10.00)				03
55				(14.28)
(45.83)				10
116				(47.62)
(96.70)				_
115				21
(95.83)				(100.00)
86				Chittoor
(17.67)				10
120				(33.33)
(100.00)				07
Srikakulam				(23.33)
02 (02.53)				13
30				(43.34)
(37.97)				_
79 (100.00)				30
75				(100.00)
(94.94)				08
50				(26.67)
(63.29)				05
79				(16.67)
(100.00)				17
Total				(56.66)
24 (06.00)				_
176 (44.00)				30
395 (98.75)				(100.00)
387				East. Godavari
(96.75)				29
378 (94.50)				(24.17)
400				54
(100.00)				(45.00)
(Figure in brackets are percentage to their				24
respective samples)				(20.00)
				13
Table. 3				(10.83)
REASONS FOR STARTING THE BUSINESS				120
				(100.00)
Class				32
Warangal				(26.67)
Khammam				22
Kurnool				(18.33)
Chittoor				55
East Godavari				(45.83)
Srikakulam				11
Total				(09.17)
To earn Money				120
38				(100.00)srikakulam
(45.23)				21
26				(26.58)
(39.39)				33
09				(41.77)
(42.86)				19
12				(24.06)
(40.00)				06
62				(07.59)
(51.67)				79
31				(100.00)
(39.24)				26
178				(32.91)
(44.50)				16
Interest to do the Business				(20.25)
16				34
(19.05)				(43.04)
21				03
(31.82)				(03.80)
04				79
(19.05)				(100.00)
07				Total
(23.33)				121
37				(30.26)
(30.83)				144
14				(36.00)
(17.72)				104
99				(26.00)
(24.75)				31
Frustrationwith previous job				(07.75)
30				400
(35.71)				(100.00)
21				123
(31.82)				(30.75)
03				69
(14.29)				(17.11)
05				192
(16.67)				(48.00)
42				16
(35.00)				(04.00)
25				400
(31.65)				(100.
126

Incense

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT